### Introduction Today we tend to rely on GPS as our primary method of navigation, but it's very important to learn and demonstrate Pilotage and Dead Reckoning as fundamental skills that cross-check our electronic methods, may be needed in an emergency, and are certainly required in aircraft without GPS receivers. **Pilotage** is the practice of navigation by reference to landmarks and checkpoints. **Dead Reckoning** is the practice of navigation solely by computations based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction. Both require an understanding of compass corrections and wind corrections when planning and executing a route. **Pre-Lesson Reading/Homework:** [[~ PPL Pre-Lesson Reading]] **Builds On:** [[PPL2.2 Navigation Charts, National Airspace System, and Intro to FARs]], [[PPL4.4 Aircraft Performance and Weight+Balance]] **Schedule:** Ground 1.5 hr Flight – multiple during dual cross-country flights ### CFI Equipment - [[E6B]] Calculator or App ### Lesson Elements > [!info]- Structure of XC Lessons... > Lessons [[PPL4.2 Advanced Airport Operations|PPL4.2]], [[PPL4.3 Flight Planning, Navigation Systems, and Other XC Equipment|PPL4.3]], [[PPL4.4 Aircraft Performance and Weight+Balance|PPL4.4]], [[PPL4.5 Advanced Weather Briefs and Preflight Planning|PPL4.5]], & [[PPL4.6 Pilotage and Dead Reckoning|PPL4.6]] can be thought of as building out each part of a flight plan. > > ![[XC Syllabus Topics On Flight Plan.pdf]] **[[Pilotage]]** 1. Reading charts and navigating by visual landmarks 2. Following flight plans 3. When do we use this in practice? **[[Dead Reckoning]]** 1. Navigation by direction, airspeed, distance and time 2. Flight log forms, and updating during flight 3. Mental arithmetic - time, speed, distance 4. When do we use this in practice? **[[Compass Errors]]** 1. Navigating by Pilotage and Dead Reckoning requires awareness of the in-flight compass errors (Acceleration and Turning errors) 2. How the Heading Indicator mitigates these errors **Completing a Full Navlog** 1. How to handle step climbs under a Bravo 2. Various Flight Planners / Navigation Logs are available 1. Done by hand 1. Consider [ASA](https://asa2fly.com/flight-planner-pad/) or [Jeppesen](https://www.amazon.com/Jeppesen-VFR-Navigation-Log-JS436183/dp/B003VSCCJ0/ref=sr_1_36?keywords=JEPPESEN&qid=1703037416&sr=8-36) 2. Print a comparable one online in [horizontal](https://www.dauntless-soft.com/products/Freebies/VFRFlightPlanner/)^[Version B seems to align best with flow from [[E6B]] instructions] or [vertical](https://www.reddit.com/r/flying/comments/za5mbd/comment/iykckje/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3) 3. [EntireFlight VFR XC Flight Pad](https://www.entireflight.com/collections/flight-pads) 2. Done electronically 1. [Calculator with manual input](https://e6bx.com/navlog/) 2. Generated with info like forecasted winds from [[ForeFlight]], [SkyVector](https://skyvector.com/), or others **What's Expected on the Checkride** 1. Knowledge: 1. Magnetic compass errors (variation vs deviation; magnetic dip) 2. Route planning (waypoints, altitudes, checkpoints) 3. Making a navigation plan, including all wind corrections using E6B 2. Practice: 1. Typically the DPE will assign a destination in advance, have you prepare a flight plan, start flying it, and verify en route that you are w/in 3 miles and 5 minutes of checkpoints. 2. You may be asked to fly by hand, maintaining altitude +/- 200' and heading +/-15° 3. Your iPad may "fail" 1. It's best to choose waypoints that are **both** in the GPS database **and** highly visible landmarks, so you can easily switch from GPS to pilotage 2. Ideally, waypoints should be no more than 10 minutes / 20NM apart 3. Note the 60:1 ratio per 1° ### Completion Standards Client should be able to complete a navlog and fly a cross country route, using dead reckoning and pilotage, visually identifying each waypoint, and recording actual time of arrival > [!success]- Tolerances (Partial) from [[Private Pilot ACS|ACS]] > - Arrive at checkpoints within 3NM and within 5 minutes of initial or revised estimate > - Maintain appropriate altitude ±200' and heading ±15° > - Update the navigation plan in-flight to account for variations in heading and groundspeed due to unforecasted winds. ### Resources - [[Private Pilot ACS]] Section VI.A ### Required Homework - [ ] Complete a full navlog from Palo Alto to a destination assigned by the instructor. - [ ] Memorize compass error acronyms: [[ANDS]], [[UNOS]], [[NOSE]] ### Recommended Homework None *Return to [[~ PPL Lesson Plan Outline|Table of Contents]]^*