### Introduction So far, we've focused on getting from place to place with the en route structure and getting into an airport with an [[IAP]]. The last two puzzle pieces are safely leaving an airport and getting up/down from the en route structure. Tools like [[ODP]]s and [[SID]]s allow us to leave with guaranteed obstacle clearance, and [[STAR]]s help us get from the airways down to the start of an approach. Although departure procedures are potent solutions to leaving in IMC, they require thoughtful application. Instrument pilots set personal minimums for departures that allow us to handle unexpected situations, such as needing to return to the airport. In operations other than [[Part 91]], these takeoff requirements are even regulatory. **Pre-Lesson Reading/Homework:** [[~ IRA Pre-Lesson Reading]] **Builds On:** [[IRA2.2 Instrument Approach Fundamentals]], [[IRA2.3 Flight Planning and Communications]] **Schedule:** Ground 1.5 hr, Flight 3.0 hr **Resources:** [[TERPS]], [[TPP]] Supplemental ### Lesson Elements 1. Takeoff Minimums 1. [[FAR 91.175 IFR Takeoff and Landing]] 2. Non-standard 3. [[Personal minimums]] that allow for an approach after departure, if needed 2. Departures 1. > [!quote] From [[AIM 5]]-2 > Unless specified otherwise, required obstacle clearance for all departures, including diverse, is based on the pilot **crossing the departure end of the runway at least 35 feet above the departure end of runway** elevation, **climbing to 400 feet above the departure end of runway elevation before making the initial turn**, and maintaining a **minimum climb gradient of 200 feet per nautical mile** (FPNM), unless required to level off by a crossing restriction, until the minimum IFR altitude. 2. Diverse Departure Obstacle Assessment (5-2-9) - [[TERPS]] 1. Obstacle Clearance Surface ([[OCS]]) (40:1) 152ft/nm 2. Required Climb Gradient 200ft/nm 3. Low, Close in Obstacles 4. Finding required climb performance in [[fpm]] 3. [[DP]]s: [[ODP]], [[SID]], [[DVA]] 1. SIDs 1. Examples 1. Vectors - [KFAT YOSEMITE 3](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00162YOSEMITE.PDF) 2. Pilot Nav - [KSFO MOLEN 9](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00375MOLEN.PDF), [KCCR BUCHANAN 2](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=05320BUCHANAN.PDF) 3. RNAV - [KSFO TRUKN 2](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00375TRUKN.PDF), [KSJC SPTNS 1](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00693SPTNS.PDF) 2. Use of "NO SID" in flight plan remarks 3. ODP 1. Examples 1. [KOAK](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF#page=19) (Textual) 2. [KSTS](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF#page=28) (Textual) 3. [KWVI - WATSONVILLE 4](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00805WATSONVILLE.PDF) (Graphical) 4. [KLVK](https://www.airnav.com/airport/KLVK) - LIVERMORE 3 ([page 1](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=06075LIVERMORE.PDF) and [page 2](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=06075LIVERMORE_C.PDF)) (Graphical) 2. No clearance required to use^[Might hear something like "upon entering controlled airspace, fly heading...", although ATC is supposed to mention "fly the ODP..."] 3. Useful for both IFR and VFR marginal/night 4. DVA 1. Examples 1. [KIWA](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW4TO.PDF#page=28) DVA 2. [KSQL](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF#page=25) DVA 2. ATC provides obstacle clearance via radar vectors prior to reaching the MVA and minimum IFR altitude 3. No DP but has IAP^[https://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/navigation/diverse-departure-assessment-no-sid-no-odp/] 4. VFR-to-IFR departures^[One example of this is the departure from KSQL] 5. [[VCOA]] 1. > [!quote] From [[AIM 5]]-2-9 > When departing using the VCOA, obstacle avoidance is not guaranteed if the pilot maneuvers farther from the airport than the published visibility minimum for the VCOA prior to reaching the published VCOA altitude. 2. Examples 1. [E16](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF#page=28) 2. [KSTS](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF#page=28) 6. Use of GPS to fly conventional departures 1. If a departure does not say RNAV, it's built for VORs (although it can still be flown by a GPS) 2. > [!quote] [[AIM 1]]-1-17(b)(4) > Certain segments of a DP may require some manual intervention by the pilot, especially when radar vectored to a course or required to intercept a specific course to a waypoint. The database may not contain all of the transitions or departures from all runways and some GPS receivers do not contain DPs in the database. 3. Great writeup from [[AOPA]]: [Resolving a Database Dilemma](https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2024/august/pilot/instrument-tip-resolving-a-database-dilemma) 3. Standard Terminal Arrivals ([[STAR]]s) 1. Examples 1. [KSFO - BDEGA 4 RNAV](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00375BDEGA.PDF)^[Notice the amusing, locally relevant waypoint names] 2. [KSFO - POINT REYES 3](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00375POINTREYES.PDF) 3. [KPIT - JESEY 4 RNAV](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00570JESEY.PDF) 2. Fly-by vs fly-over points 4. ATC with SIDs/STARs 1. Accepting 2. Charts 3. Descend via/Climb via^[vs cleared via, which is only clearance for lateral and not altitudes]/via except maintain 1. Climb via [KIAH](https://www.airnav.com/airport/KIAH) - RITAA 7 ([page 1](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=05461RITAA.PDF) and [page 2](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=05461RITAA_C.PDF)) 2. Descend via [KSFO - BDEGA 4 RNAV](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00375BDEGA.PDF) 5. Common errors 1. Accepting a SID or STAR without briefing 2. Not knowing performance capability of aircraft to fly any procedure #### Sim Activity - [KKIC ODP](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW2TO.PDF) -> KAPC - [KIZA ODP](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=SW3TO.PDF) -> KCMA - [KPRB BRALY 1](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00858BRALY.PDF) - [KPRB PASO ROBLES 2 ODP](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00858PASOROBLES.PDF) - STAR? *Return to [[~ IRA Lesson Plan Outline|Table of Contents]]^*