### Objective Develop proficiency in flying VOR and circling approaches. ### Resources - [[FAR 91.175 IFR Takeoff and Landing]] - POH/AFM > [!tip] Pre-Lesson Reading/Homework here: [[~ IRA Pre-Lesson Reading]] ### Builds On - [[IRA1.4 Ground-Based Navigation]] - [[IRA2.2 Instrument Approach Fundamentals]] ### Schedule Ground 1.0 hr, Sim 2.0 hr ### Lesson Elements 1. [[VOR]] Approaches 1. Sensitivity based on VOR location 2. [[DME]] Arcs: [[Ground-Based Navigation using VOR, DME, and ILS#DME Arcs Procedure]] 3. Circle to land approaches ([[AIM 5]]-4-20) 1. Approach chart named with letter instead of runway number OR a circling approach might be preferred if the straight-in runway is not usable because of wind or other reasons 2. Review circling minimums and notes on approach chart 3. Which direction to circle? Follow [[FAR 91.126 Class G Airspace Ops Near Airport]] when able 4. Review circling approach protected areas (maneuvering radius) 1. 1.3nm from each runway end for Category A at most altitudes 2. AIM 5-4-20 5. How to circle 6. Loss of flight visibility or airport, execute missed 7. Missed approach during circle-to-land procedure (AIM 5-4-21) 8. Personal minimums 4. Common errors 1. Unstable approaches 2. Failure to configure aircraft for approach and landing 3. Failure to manage automation 4. Descent below [[MDA]] (+100’/-0’ at MDA) 5. Using wrong navigation source during approach 6. Loss of sequencing with GPS during missed approach 7. Loss of situational awareness during missed approach or circling approach #### Sim Activity 1. [KPRB VOR-B](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00858VB.PDF) from EXUPY using GPS 2. [KPRB VOR 19](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00858V19.PDF) from JEBNO without GPS 3. [KPRB VOR-B](https://cfijack.com/latest-plate-redirect/?plate=00858VB.PDF) from JEBNO, CTL ### Completion Standards Student must demonstrate proficiency at flying non-precision approaches to ACS standards to landing, including circling approaches, and missed approach procedures. *Return to [[~ IRA Lesson Plan Outline|Table of Contents]]^*