%% Update via "Update Publish Files" template %% | | Definition | Source | | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | [[Filed/3P Model.md\|3P Model]] | The three components of the risk management cycle | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Absolute Ceiling.md\|Absolute Ceiling]] | \[T\]he climb performance of an aircraft diminishes with altitude.... At the absolute ceiling, there is no excess of power and only one speed allows steady, level flight. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch11.md\|PHAK Ch11]] | | [[Filed/Accident.md\|Accident]] | Aircraft accident means an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, and in which any person suffers death or [[serious injury]], or in which the aircraft receives [[substantial damage]]. | [[Filed/Part 830.md\|Part 830]] | | [[Filed/Active Runway.md\|Active Runway]] | Any runway or runways currently being used for takeoff or landing. When multiple runways are used, they are all considered active runways. In the metering sense, a selectable adapted item which specifies the landing runway configuration or direction of traffic flow. The adapted optimum flight plan from each transition fix to the vertex is determined by the runway configuration for arrival metering processing purposes. | [[Filed/Pilot-Controller Glossary.md\|Pilot-Controller Glossary]] | | [[Filed/ADM.md\|ADM]] | A systematic approach to the mental process used by pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances | <ul><li>[[Filed/PHAK Ch2.md\\|PHAK Ch2]]</li><li>[[Filed/AC 60-22.md\\|AC 60-22]]</li></ul> | | [[Filed/ADS-B.md\|ADS-B]] | A function on an aircraft or vehicle that periodically broadcasts its state vector (i.e., horizontal and vertical position, horizontal and vertical velocity) and other information. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/ADS-R.md\|ADS-R]] | datalink translation function of the [[ADS-B]] ground system required to accommodate the two separate operating frequencies (978 MHz and 1090 ES). The ADS-B system receives the ADS-B messages transmitted on one frequency and ADS-R translates and reformats the information for rebroadcast and use on the other frequency. This allows ADS-B In equipped aircraft to see nearby ADS-B Out traffic regardless of the operating link of the other aircraft. | [[AIM 5]]-4 | | [[Filed/Adverse Yaw.md\|Adverse Yaw]] | A bank is achieved by deflecting ailerons, which causes more lift on the rising wing than the lowering wing. More lift causes more drag, and so the nose tends to yaw to the outside of the turn^[If not corrected, this is a [[slipping turn]]] | [[Filed/AFH Ch3.md\|AFH Ch3]] | | [[Filed/Afterfiring.md\|Afterfiring]] | Afterfiring, sometimes called afterburning, often results when the fuel/air mixture is too rich. Overly rich mixtures are also slow burning, therefore, charges of unburned fuel are present in the exhausted gases. Air from outside the exhaust stacks mixes with this unburned fuel that ignites. This causes an explosion in the exhaust system. Afterfiring is perhaps more common where long exhaust ducting retains greater amounts of unburned charges. As in the case of [[Backfiring]], the correction for afterfiring is the proper adjustment of the fuel/air mixture. | [[Filed/AMT Powerplant Handbook.md\|AMT Powerplant Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Air Mass.md\|Air Mass]] | An extensive body of air having fairly uniform properties of temperature and moisture. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Airplane Upset.md\|Airplane Upset]] | \[A single\] term to describe an “unusual attitude” or “loss of control” | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/Airport Advisory Area.md\|Airport Advisory Area]] | The area within ten miles of an airport without a control tower or where the tower is not in operation, and on which a Flight Service Station is located. | [[Filed/Pilot-Controller Glossary.md\|Pilot-Controller Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Airspeed.md\|Airspeed]] | rate of the aircraft's progress through the air | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Angle of Attack.md\|Angle of Attack]] | The angle at which the [[Chord of the Wing]] meets the [[Relative Wind]]. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/Application.md\|Application]] | A basic level of learning at which the individual puts something to use that has been learned and understood. | [[Filed/AIH Glossary.md\|AIH Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Area Forecast Discussion.md\|Area Forecast Discussion]] | Area Forecast Discussions ([[Area Forecast Discussion\|AFD]]) are issued by each weather service forecast office ([[WFO]]) provide a narrative prose about weather conditions within their region as it relates to the creation of the area [[TAF]] products. These are useful for additional aviation related issues that cannot be encoded into the TAF. The discussion also gives some reasoning behind the forecast. These are generated roughly every 6 hours and corresponds to the release of the latest TAFs for that office. | [[Aviation Weather Center]] [help page](https://aviationweather.gov/afd/help.html#:~:text=Area%20Forecast%20Discussions%20(AFD)%20are,be%20encoded%20into%20the%20TAF.) | | [[Filed/ARSR.md\|ARSR]] | long-range radar system designed primarily to provide a display of aircraft locations over large areas | [[AIM 5]]-4-3 | | [[Filed/ASR.md\|ASR]] | relatively short-range coverage in the general vicinity of an airport and to serve as an expeditious means of handling terminal area traffic through observation of precise aircraft locations | [[AIM 5]]-4-3 | | [[Filed/Autokinesis.md\|Autokinesis]] | When flying in the dark, a stationary light may appear to move if it is stared at for a prolonged period of time. A pilot trying to align with this light may loose aircraft control. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Backfiring.md\|Backfiring]] | An extremely lean mixture either does not burn at all or burns so slowly that combustion is not complete at the end of the exhaust stroke. The flame lingers in the cylinder and then ignites the contents in the intake manifold or the induction system when the intake valve opens. This causes an explosion known as backfiring, which can damage the [[carburetor]] and other parts of the induction system. | [[Filed/AMT Powerplant Handbook.md\|AMT Powerplant Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Behaviorism.md\|Behaviorism]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/bhp.md\|bhp]] | the power delivered at the propeller shaft (main drive or main output) of an aircraft engine. | [[Filed/Part 1.md\|Part 1]] | | [[Filed/Black-Hole Approach.md\|Black-Hole Approach]] | A black-hole approach occurs when the landing is made from over water or non-lighted terrain where the runway lights are the only source of light. | [[Filed/AFH Ch11.md\|AFH Ch11]] | | [[Filed/Box Canyon Turn.md\|Box Canyon Turn]] | \- | [[Filed/Mountain Flying Bible.md\|Mountain Flying Bible]] | | [[Filed/Box Canyon.md\|Box Canyon]] | a canyon with approximately vertical walls and typically closed upstream with a similar wall | “Box canyon.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/box%20canyon. Accessed 26 Jan. 2025. | | [[Filed/Cap Cloud.md\|Cap Cloud]] | \- | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/CAS.md\|CAS]] | The speed at which the aircraft is moving through the air, found by correcting [[IAS]] for instrument and position errors | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Categorical Outlooks.md\|Categorical Outlooks]] | Categorical outlook terms, describing general ceiling and visibility conditions for advanced planning purposes are used only in area forecasts. | [[AIM 7-1\|AIM 7-1]] | | [[Filed/CFI.md\|CFI]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Chord of the Wing.md\|Chord of the Wing]] | Straight line from the leading edge to the trailing edge. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/Clear Ice.md\|Clear Ice]] | Clear ice (or glaze ice) is a glossy, clear, or translucent ice formed by the relatively slow freezing of large, supercooled water droplets. | \- | | [[Filed/Clearance Limit.md\|Clearance Limit]] | The fix, point, or location to which an aircraft is cleared when issued an air traffic clearance. | [[Filed/Pilot-Controller Glossary.md\|Pilot-Controller Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Common Carriage.md\|Common Carriage]] | A carrier becomes a common carrier when it "holds itself out" to the public, or to a segment of the public, as willing to furnish transportation within the limits of its facilities to any person who wants it. | [[Filed/AC 120-12.md\|AC 120-12]] | | [[Filed/Compression Stroke.md\|Compression Stroke]] | The compression stroke begins when the intake valve closes, and the piston starts moving back to the top of the cylinder. This phase of the cycle is used to obtain a much greater power output from the fuel-air mixture once it is ignited. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Coordinated Flight.md\|Coordinated Flight]] | Coordinated flight occurs whenever the pilot is proactively correcting for yaw effects associated with power (engine/ propeller effects), aileron inputs, how an airplane reacts when turning, and airplane rigging. The airplane is in coordinated flight when the airplane’s nose is yawed directly into the relative wind and the ball is centered in the slip/skid indicator. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/Coriolis Illusion.md\|Coriolis Illusion]] | In a prolonged turn, the ear canal and fluid inside will settle. With an abrupt head movement, the pilot can send fluids moving in an entirely different axis, giving the illusion of performing a maneuver they are not. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Correlation.md\|Correlation]] | A basic level of learning where the learner can associate what has been learned, understood, and applied with previous or subsequent learning. | [[Filed/AIH Glossary.md\|AIH Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Course.md\|Course]] | intended path of an aircraft over the ground or the direction of a line drawn on a chart representing the intended aircraft path, expressed as the angle measured from a specific reference datum clockwise from 0° through 360° to the line | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Critical Angle of Attack.md\|Critical Angle of Attack]] | The angle of attack at which a wing stalls regardless of airspeed, flight attitude, or weight. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/CTAF.md\|CTAF]] | A frequency designed for the purpose of carrying out airport advisory practices while operating to or from an airport without an operating control tower. The CTAF may be a Universal Communications ([[Unicom]]), [[MULTICOM]], Flight Service Station ([[FSS]]), or tower frequency, and is identified in appropriate aeronautical publications. | [[Filed/AC 90-66.md\|AC 90-66]] | | [[Filed/Curse of Knowledge.md\|Curse of Knowledge]] | occurs when individuals are unable to (appropriately) disregard information already processed | [Debiasing the Curse of Knowledge in Audit Judgment](https://www.jstor.org/stable/248305) by Jane Kennedy | | [[Filed/Dead Reckoning.md\|Dead Reckoning]] | Navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Density Altitude.md\|Density Altitude]] | Pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature. Density altitude is used in computing the performance of an aircraft and its engines. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Dihedral.md\|Dihedral]] | When the outer tips of wings are higher than the wing roots, giving them an appearance of a subtle "V". | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Directional Stability.md\|Directional Stability]] | Quality that makes an aircraft stable about its vertical access (yawing motion). | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Ditching.md\|Ditching]] | a forced or precautionary landing on water | [[Filed/AFH Ch18.md\|AFH Ch18]] | | [[Filed/Downwash.md\|Downwash]] | When air (and vortices) roll off the back of your wing and angle down. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Drift Angle.md\|Drift Angle]] | angle between [[Heading]] and [[Track]] | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/DVFR.md\|DVFR]] | Rules applicable to flights within an ADIZ conducted under the visual flight rules in 14 CFR Part 91. | [[Filed/Pilot-Controller Glossary.md\|Pilot-Controller Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Dynamic Stability.md\|Dynamic Stability]] | Aircraft response over time with disturbed from a given pitch, yaw, or bank. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/E6B.md\|E6B]] | These devices can compute numerous problems associated with flight planning and navigation. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Elevator Illusion.md\|Elevator Illusion]] | An abrupt upward vertical movement, like in an updraft, can feel like being in a climb and cause the pilot to push the nose down. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Emergency Fuel.md\|Emergency Fuel]] | The point at which, in the judgment of the pilot-in-command, it is necessary to proceed directly to the airport of intended landing due to low fuel. Declaration of a fuel emergency is an explicit statement that priority handling by ATC is both required and expected. | [[Filed/InFO 08004.md\|InFO 08004]] | | [[Filed/Empty Field Myopia.md\|Empty Field Myopia]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Engine.md\|Engine]] | Produces thrust to propel an aircraft. [[Reciprocating Engine\|Reciprocating engines]] and [[Turboprop Engine\|turboprop engines]] work in combination with a [[propeller]] to produce [[thrust]]. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch7.md\|PHAK Ch7]] | | [[Filed/Error.md\|Error]] | Deviations from intended or expected actions that are caused by the flight crew that cause confusion, increase workload, absorb attention, reduce safety margins, increase [[risk]], and may lead to undesired aircraft states. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Exhaust Stroke.md\|Exhaust Stroke]] | The exhaust stroke is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases. It begins when the exhaust valve opens, and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/False Horizon.md\|False Horizon]] | Patterns of ground lights can provide inaccurate visual information, or “false horizon,” when attempting to align the aircraft with the actual horizon | [[Filed/FAA.md\|FAA]] | | [[Filed/Fatigue.md\|Fatigue]] | physiological state of reduced mental or physical performance capability resulting from lack of sleep or increased physical activity that can reduce a crewmember’s alertness and ability to safely operate an aircraft or perform safety-related duties | [[AC 120-100\|AC 120-100]] | | [[Filed/Feeder Route.md\|Feeder Route]] | A feeder route is a route depicted on IAP charts to designate courses for aircraft to proceed from the en route structure to the IAF. Feeder routes, also referred to as approach transitions, technically are not considered approach segments but are an integral part of many IAPs. | [[Filed/IPH Glossary.md\|IPH Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Flight Time.md\|Flight Time]] | Pilot time that commences when an aircraft moves under its own power for the purpose of flight and ends when the aircraft comes to rest after landing; or | [[Filed/Part 1.md\|Part 1]] | | [[Filed/Float-Type Carburetor.md\|Float-Type Carburetor]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Forced Landing.md\|Forced Landing]] | an immediate landing, on or off an airport, necessitated by the inability to continue further flight | [[Filed/AFH Ch18.md\|AFH Ch18]] | | [[Filed/FRAT.md\|FRAT]] | A way to record and analyze identified hazards and risks. A FRAT can be numerical (scoring predetermined hazards) to measure risk or narrative (recording identified hazards, associate risk, and individual risk mitigations). | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Front.md\|Front]] | The boundary between two different [[air mass]]es. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Gait Chart.md\|Gait Chart]] | various pitch, power, and configuration settings for various stages of flight (like how a horse has various gaits) | Jack's old instructor, although this idea pops up frequently in webinars by various names. | | [[Filed/GNSS.md\|GNSS]] | Satellite navigation system that provides autonomous geospatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) to within a few meters using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/GPS.md\|GPS]] | Navigation system that uses satellite rather than ground-based transmitters for location information. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Graveyard Spin.md\|Graveyard Spin]] | A proper recovery from a spin that has ceased stimulating the motion sensing system can create the illusion of spinning in the opposite direction. The disoriented pilot will return the aircraft to its original spin. | [[Filed/AIM 8.md\|AIM 8]] | | [[Filed/Graveyard Spiral.md\|Graveyard Spiral]] | While similar to [[The Leans]], a graveyard spiral adds the additional illusion of being in a wings-level descent, since altitude is being lost, when actually the vertical component of lift is being reduced by the bank. The unsuspecting pilot may pull back on the controls to stop the descent, which instead tightens the spiral and increases altitude loss. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Ground Effect.md\|Ground Effect]] | Ground effect is a condition of improved performance encountered when the airplane is operating very close to the ground. Ground effect can be detected and normally occurs up to an altitude equal to one wingspan above the surface. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/GS.md\|GS]] | rate of the aircraft’s inflight progress over | \- | | [[Filed/Gust Factor.md\|Gust Factor]] | Pilots often use the normal approach speed plus one-half of the wind gust factors in turbulent conditions. If the normal speed is 70 knots, and the wind gusts are 15 knots, an increase of airspeed to 77 knots is appropriate. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch9.md\|PHAK Ch9]] | | [[Filed/Hazard.md\|Hazard]] | A condition or an object that could foreseeably cause or contribute to an incident or aircraft accident, as defined in [[Part 830\|49 CFR 830.2]]. | [[Part 5\|Part 5]] | | [[Filed/Heading.md\|Heading]] | direction in which the nose of the aircraft points during flight | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/High Performance.md\|High Performance]] | an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower | [[FAR 61.13\|FAR 61.13]] | | [[Filed/Hotspot.md\|Hotspot]] | A location on an airport movement area with a history of potential risk of collision or [[Runway Incursion]], and where heightened attention is necessary. It is typically a complex or confusing taxiway/taxiway or taxiway/runway intersection. | [[Filed/Runway Safety.md\|Runway Safety]] | | [[Filed/Hydroplaning.md\|Hydroplaning]] | A condition that exists when landing on a surface with standing water deeper than the tread depth of the tires. When the brakes are applied, there is a possibility that the brake will lock up and the tire will ride on the surface of the water, much like a water ski. When the tires are hydroplaning, directional control and braking action are virtually impossible. An effective anti-skid system can minimize the effects of hydroplaning. | [[Filed/AFH Glossary.md\|AFH Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Hyperventilation.md\|Hyperventilation]] | Occurs when an individual is experiencing emotional stress, fright, or pain, and the breathing rate and depth increase, although the carbon dioxide level in the blood is already at a reduced level. The result is an excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body, which can lead to unconsciousness due to the respiratory system’s overriding mechanism to regain control of breathing. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Hypoxia.md\|Hypoxia]] | state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs | [[Filed/AIM 8.md\|AIM 8]] | | [[Filed/IAS.md\|IAS]] | Shown on the dial of the instrument [[airspeed]] indicator on an aircraft. Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed indicator reading uncorrected for instrument, position, and other errors. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Illusions Leading to Landing Errors.md\|Illusions Leading to Landing Errors]] | \- | [[Filed/AIM 8.md\|AIM 8]] | | [[Filed/Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation.md\|Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation]] | \- | [[Filed/AIM 8.md\|AIM 8]] | | [[Filed/ILS.md\|ILS]] | An electronic system that provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to a specific runway, used to execute a precision instrument approach procedure. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/IMC.md\|IMC]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Incident.md\|Incident]] | Incident means an occurrence other than an [[accident]], associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations. | [[Filed/Part 830.md\|Part 830]] | | [[Filed/Induced Drag.md\|Induced Drag]] | Drag caused by the same factors that produce lift; its amount varies inversely with airspeed. As airspeed decreases, the angle of attack must increase, in turn increasing induced drag. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Insight.md\|Insight]] | Grouping of perceptions into meaningful wholes. Creating insight is one of the instructor’s major responsibilities. | [[Filed/AIH Ch3.md\|AIH Ch3]] | | [[Filed/Instructional Knowledge.md\|Instructional Knowledge]] | Instructor applicant is capable of using the appropriate reference to provide the "[[application]] or [[Correlation\|correlative]] level of knowledge" of a subject matter topic, procedure, or maneuver. | [[Filed/CFI PTS.md\|CFI PTS]] | | [[Filed/Intake Stroke.md\|Intake Stroke]] | The intake stroke begins as the piston starts its downward travel. When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel-air mixture is drawn into the cylinder. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Inversion Illusion.md\|Inversion Illusion]] | An abrupt change from climb to straight-and-level may feel like tumbling backwards, causing the pilot to push the nose down further (and intensify the illusion). | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Inverted V-Scan.md\|Inverted V-Scan]] | the pilot scans from the attitude indicator down to the turn coordinator, up to the attitude indicator, down to the VSI, and back up to the attitude indicator | [[IFH]] Ch6 | | [[Filed/Keel Effect.md\|Keel Effect]] | In a high-wing aircraft, the fuselage weight acts like a pendulum returning the aircraft to wings level. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Kelvin–Helmholtz Cloud.md\|Kelvin–Helmholtz Cloud]] | However, if the magnitude of the wind shear exceeds a critical value, wave motions will begin spontaneously within the shear layer, resulting in a K-H wave. | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Knot.md\|Knot]] | The knot is a unit of speed equal to one [[NM]] (1.852 km) per hour, approximately 1.151 mph. | \- | | [[Filed/Lateral Stability.md\|Lateral Stability]] | Quality that makes an aircraft stable about its longitudinal access (rolling motion). | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Learning.md\|Learning]] | A change in the behavior of the learner as a result of experience | [[Filed/AIH Ch3.md\|AIH Ch3]] | | [[Filed/Lift.md\|Lift]] | A component of the total aerodynamic force on an airfoil and acts perpendicular to the [[relative wind]]. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Likelihood.md\|Likelihood]] | The probability of encountering risk categorized as probable, occasional, remote, or improbable. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/LOA.md\|LOA]] | A Flight Standards District Office ([[FSDO]]) issues an LOA to an operator when the FSDO authorizes an operator to operate under the provisions of an [[MEL]]. Together, the LOA, the procedures document, and the MMEL constitute a Supplemental Type Certificate ([[STC]]). The operator must carry the STC in the aircraft during its operation | [[Filed/AC 91-67.md\|AC 91-67]] | | [[Filed/Load Factor.md\|Load Factor]] | The ratio of a specified load to the total weight of the aircraft. The specified load is expressed in terms of any of the following: aerodynamic forces, inertial forces, or ground or water reactions. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Longitudinal Stability.md\|Longitudinal Stability]] | Quality that makes an aircraft stable about its lateral access (pitching motion). | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Loss of Control In-Flight.md\|Loss of Control In-Flight]] | A significant deviation of an aircraft from the intended flightpath and it often results from an airplane upset. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/LR.md\|LR]] | The radial at which the turn from the DME arc to the inbound course is started. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Magnetic Deviation.md\|Magnetic Deviation]] | Because of magnetic influences within an aircraft, such as electrical circuits, radio, lights, tools, engine, and magnetized metal parts, the compass needle is frequently deflected from its normal reading. This deflection is called deviation. The deviation is different for each aircraft, and it also may vary for different headings in the same aircraft. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Magnetic Dip.md\|Magnetic Dip]] | A vertical attraction between a compass needle and the magnetic poles. The closer the aircraft is to a pole, the more severe the effect. | <ul><li>[[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\\|PHAK Glossary]]</li><li>[[Filed/PHAK Ch8.md\\|PHAK Ch8]]</li></ul> | | [[Filed/Magnetic Variation.md\|Magnetic Variation]] | The angle between True North and Magnetic North. It is expressed as east variation or west variation. Pilots planning navigation by compass must adjust headings to account for Magnetic Variation. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch8.md\|PHAK Ch8]] | | [[Filed/Magneto.md\|Magneto]] | A self-contained, engine-driven unit that supplies electrical current to the spark plugs; completely independent of the airplane’s electrical system. Normally there are two magnetos per engine. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Maneuverability.md\|Maneuverability]] | Ability of an aircraft to change directions along a flight path and withstand the stresses imposed upon it. | [[PHAK Glossary]] and [[PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Maneuvering Speed.md\|Maneuvering Speed]] | The speed below which you can move a single flight control, one time, to its full deflection, for one axis of airplane rotation only (pitch, roll or yaw), in smooth air, without risk of damage to the airplane. In extremely rough air, as in thunderstorms or frontal conditions, it is wise to reduce the speed to the design maneuvering speed. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Maximum Elevation Figure.md\|Maximum Elevation Figure]] | Represents the highest elevation within a quadrant, including terrain and other vertical obstacles (towers, trees, etc.). A quadrant on [[Sectionals]] is the area bounded by ticked lines dividing each 30 [[minutes]] of [[latitude]] and each 30 minutes of [[longitude]]. [[MEF]] figures are rounded up to the nearest 100’ value and the last two digits of the number are not shown. | [[Filed/Chart Users' Guide - Visual.md\|Chart Users' Guide - Visual]] | | [[Filed/MEL.md\|MEL]] | The MEL is the specific inoperative equipment document for a particular make and model of aircraft by serial and registration numbers. | [[Filed/AC 91-67.md\|AC 91-67]] | | [[Filed/Minimum Fuel.md\|Minimum Fuel]] | Indicates that an aircraft’s fuel supply has reached a state where, upon reaching the destination, it can accept little or no delay. This is not an emergency situation but merely indicates an emergency situation is possible should any undue delay occur. | [[Filed/InFO 08004.md\|InFO 08004]] | | [[Filed/Mixed Ice.md\|Mixed Ice]] | mixture of clear ice and rime ice | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Mountain Wave.md\|Mountain Wave]] | a form of mechanical turbulence that develop above and downwind of mountains | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Music Scan.md\|Music Scan]] | Using a slow speech rate, say the following musical beat: "and one and two, and one and two, and..."-that's how fast your eyes should move. When you say "and," look at the \[attitude indicator\]; when you say "one," look at the [[TC]]; when you say "two," look at the [[VSI]]. | [[Filed/4 Step Instrument Scan.md\|4 Step Instrument Scan]] | | [[Filed/National Airspace System.md\|National Airspace System]] | The common network of United States airspace—air navigation facilities, equipment and services, airports or landing areas; aeronautical charts, information and services; rules, regulations and procedures, technical information; and manpower and material. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/NEXRAD.md\|NEXRAD]] | Doppler weather radars that detect and produce over 100 different long-range and high-altitude weather observations and products, including areas of precipitation, winds, and thunderstorms. | [Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD)](https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/weather/nexrad) | | [[Filed/Night - For Logging Time.md\|Night - For Logging Time]] | the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, converted to local time. | [[Filed/Part 1.md\|Part 1]] | | [[Filed/NM.md\|NM]] | Nautical miles are used to measure the distance.... A nautical mile is slightly longer than a mile on land, equaling 1.1508 land-measured (or statute) miles. The nautical mile is based on the Earth’s longitude and latitude coordinates, with one nautical mile equaling one minute of latitude. | [What is the difference between a nautical mile and a knot?](https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/nautical-mile-knot.html) from [[NOAA]] | | [[Filed/NORDO.md\|NORDO]] | <u>No</u> <u>R</u>a<u>d</u>i<u>o</u> | \- | | [[Filed/Overbanking Tendency.md\|Overbanking Tendency]] | The wing on the outside of a turn travels faster, creating more lift, and tending to rise. | [[Filed/AFH Ch3.md\|AFH Ch3]] | | [[Filed/PAPI.md\|PAPI]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Parasite Drag.md\|Parasite Drag]] | Drag caused by the friction of air moving over the aircraft structure; its amount varies directly with the airspeed. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Personal Minimums.md\|Personal Minimums]] | an individual pilot’s set of procedures, rules, criteria, and guidelines for deciding whether, and under what conditions, to operate (or continue operating) in the [[National Airspace System]]. | [[Filed/Getting the Maximum from Personal Minimums.md\|Getting the Maximum from Personal Minimums]] | | [[Filed/Phugoid Oscillations.md\|Phugoid Oscillations]] | Long-period oscillations of an aircraft around its lateral axis. It is a slow change in pitch accompanied by equally slow changes in airspeed. Angle of attack remains constant, and the pilot often corrects for phugoid oscillations without even being aware of them. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Pilotage.md\|Pilotage]] | Navigation by visual reference to landmarks | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Pivotal Altitude.md\|Pivotal Altitude]] | The altitude at which, for a given groundspeed, the projection of the visual reference line to the pylon appears to pivot. | [[Filed/AFH Ch10.md\|AFH Ch10]] | | [[Filed/POH.md\|POH]] | The POH is a document developed by the aircraft manufacturer and contains FAA-approved AFM information. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Point of No Return.md\|Point of No Return]] | The point where, if you reduce the throttle to idle, you can lower the nose of the aircraft for a normal glide and perform a 180-degree turn without impacting the ground. | [[Filed/Mountain Flying Bible.md\|Mountain Flying Bible]] | | [[Filed/Power Stroke.md\|Power Stroke]] | The power stroke begins when the fuel-air mixture is ignited. This causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Power.md\|Power]] | Power equals work done per second. | [[Filed/Feynman Lectures.md\|Feynman Lectures]] | | [[Filed/Precautionary Landing.md\|Precautionary Landing]] | a premeditated landing, on or off an airport, when further flight is possible but inadvisable | [[Filed/AFH Ch18.md\|AFH Ch18]] | | [[Filed/Pressure Altitude.md\|Pressure Altitude]] | Altitude above the standard 29.92 "Hg plane. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Pro Rata.md\|Pro Rata]] | Proportionately, according to a certain rate, percentage, or proportion. | [[Filed/AC 61-142.md\|AC 61-142]] | | [[Filed/Problem-Based Learning.md\|Problem-Based Learning]] | A learning environment where lessons involve learners with problems encountered in real-life and ask them to find real-world solutions. | [[Filed/AIH Ch5.md\|AIH Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Radar.md\|Radar]] | A system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as aircraft, weather formations, and terrain. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/RAIM.md\|RAIM]] | A system used to verify the usability of the received GPS signals and warns the pilot of any malfunction in the navigation system. This system is required for IFR-certified GPS units. | \- | | [[Filed/Rectangular Scan.md\|Rectangular Scan]] | the pilot scans across the top three instruments (airspeed indicator, attitude indicator, and altimeter), and then drops down to scan the bottom three instruments ([[VSI]], heading indicator, and turn instrument). This scan follows a rectangular path (clockwise or counterclockwise rotation is a personal choice). | [[IFH]] Ch6 | | [[Filed/Reserve Fuel.md\|Reserve Fuel]] | For example, [[FAR 91.167 IFR Fuel Reqs\|§ 91.167]] Fuel requirements for flight in IFR conditions... | [[Filed/InFO 08004.md\|InFO 08004]] | | [[Filed/Reversionary Mode.md\|Reversionary Mode]] | In the event of a display failure, the G1000 System automatically switches to reversionary (backup) mode. In reversionary mode, all important flight information is presented on the remaining display in the same format as in normal operating mode. | [[Filed/G1000 Integrated Flight Deck Pilot's Guide.md\|G1000 Integrated Flight Deck Pilot's Guide]] | | [[Filed/Rime Ice.md\|Rime Ice]] | rough, milky, and opaque ice formed by the instantaneous freezing of small, supercooled water droplets after they strike the aircraft | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Risk Management.md\|Risk Management]] | The part of the decision-making process which relies on situational awareness, problem recognition, and good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Risk.md\|Risk]] | Composite of predicted [[Severity]] and [[Likelihood]] of the potential effect of a hazard | [[Part 5\|Part 5]] | | [[Filed/Roll Cloud.md\|Roll Cloud]] | A low, horizontal tube-shaped arcus cloud associated with a [[Thunderstorm]] gust front. Roll clouds are relatively rare; they are completely detached from the thunderstorm base or other cloud features, thus differentiating them from the more familiar shelf clouds. | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Rotor Cloud.md\|Rotor Cloud]] | When mountain waves are present, it is quite common for a rotor zone to develop near or below ridge level on the downwind side of the mountain, under a wave crest and associated lenticular cloud (if sufficient moisture is present). This is an area of potentially severe-to-extreme wind shear and turbulence. | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Runway Incursion.md\|Runway Incursion]] | Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving the incorrect presence of an aircraft, vehicle or person on the protected area of a surface designated for the landing and take off of aircraft. | [[Filed/FAA Website on Runway Incursions.md\|FAA Website on Runway Incursions]] | | [[Filed/Scenario-Based Training.md\|Scenario-Based Training]] | Training method that uses a highly structured script of real-world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. | [[Filed/AIH Glossary.md\|AIH Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Serious Injury.md\|Serious Injury]] | any injury which: (1) Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours, commencing within 7 days from the date of the injury was received; (2) results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose); (3) causes severe hemorrhages, nerve, muscle, or tendon damage; (4) involves any internal organ; or (5) involves second- or third-degree burns, or any burns affecting more than 5 percent of the body surface. | [[Filed/Part 830.md\|Part 830]] | | [[Filed/Severity.md\|Severity]] | The magnitude of consequences of risk categorized as catastrophic, critical, marginal, or negligible. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Shuttle Climb.md\|Shuttle Climb]] | A shuttle procedure is defined as a manoeuvre involving a descent or climb in a pattern resembling a holding pattern. Shuttles are generally prescribed on instrument procedure charts located in mountainous areas. Not [[FAA]] standard terminology,^[Page 26 of [Phraseology Study](https://www.iata.org/contentassets/7a5cd514de9c4c63ba0a7ac21547477a/phraseology-report-ed-1-2011.pdf)] although similar to [[Climb-in Hold]]. | 10.9 of [Canadian AIM](https://tc.canada.ca/sites/default/files/2021-09/AIM-2021-2_ACCESS_E.pdf) | | [[Filed/Slant Range.md\|Slant Range]] | The horizontal distance from the aircraft antenna to the ground station, due to line-of-sight transmission of the DME signal. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/SLD.md\|SLD]] | Water drops with a diameter greater than 50 micrometers (0.05 mm) that exist in a liquid form at air temperatures below 0°C. SLD conditions include freezing drizzle drops and freezing raindrops. | [[Filed/AC 91-74.md\|AC 91-74]] | | [[Filed/Slow Flight.md\|Slow Flight]] | Slow flight is when the airplane AOA is just under the AOA which will cause an aerodynamic buffet or a warning from a stall warning device if equipped with one. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/SMGCS.md\|SMGCS]] | Facilitates the safe movement of aircraft and vehicles on the airport by establishing more rigorous control procedures and requiring enhanced visual aids. | [[Filed/AC 120-57.md\|AC 120-57]] | | [[Filed/Somatogravic Illusion.md\|Somatogravic Illusion]] | A rapid acceleration, such as in takeoff, stimulates the ear in the same way as tilting head backwards. This gives the illusion of being nose-up, and could result in pilot pushing nose into a dive. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Somatosensory System.md\|Somatosensory System]] | nerves in the skin, muscles, and joints that, along with hearing, sense position based on gravity, feeling, and sound | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Squawk 7500.md\|Squawk 7500]] | I am being hijacked/forced to a new destination. | [[Filed/AIM 6.md\|AIM 6]] | | [[Filed/Squawk 7600.md\|Squawk 7600]] | Squawk code for if experiencing a loss of two‐way radio capability. ([[NORDO]]) | [[Filed/AIM 6.md\|AIM 6]] | | [[Filed/Squawk 7700.md\|Squawk 7700]] | Squawk code for when a [[distress]] or [[urgency]] condition is encountered. | [[Filed/AIM 6.md\|AIM 6]] | | [[Filed/SRM.md\|SRM]] | appropriate management of all resources available to the single pilot. SRM includes competencies such as situational awareness, communication skills, teamwork, task allocation, [[ADM\|aeronautical decision-making]], [[risk management]], controlled flight into terrain ([[CFIT]]) awareness, and [[Risk Management#Automation\|automation management]]. Resources are found both inside and outside the aircraft. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Stabilized Approach.md\|Stabilized Approach]] | A pilot is flying a stabilized approach when he or she establishes and maintains a constant angle glidepath towards a predetermined point on the landing runway. | [[Filed/Stabilized Approach and Landing.md\|Stabilized Approach and Landing]] | | [[Filed/Stall Speed.md\|Stall Speed]] | Stall speed is the speed an aircraft will stall at a specific [[Load Factor]], [[Gross Weight]], [[Center of Gravity]], and [[Airplane Configuration]]. Importantly, it is possible to stall an aircraft at any airspeed. | [[Filed/AFH Ch4.md\|AFH Ch4]] | | [[Filed/Stall.md\|Stall]] | A rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface, brought on by exceeding the critical angle of attack. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Standing Lenticular Cloud.md\|Standing Lenticular Cloud]] | \- | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Static Stability.md\|Static Stability]] | Aircraft's initial response when disturbed from a given pitch, yaw, or bank. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/STC.md\|STC]] | A major change in type design not great enough to require a new application for a [[type certificate]] under... part 21. | [[Filed/AC 91-67.md\|AC 91-67]] | | [[Filed/Sterile Cockpit.md\|Sterile Cockpit]] | A best practice of eliminating non-essential duties, activities, and conversation during critical phases of flight, which include taxi, takeoff, landing, and non-cruise flight below 10,000' MSL. | [[FAR 121.542\|FAR 121.542]] | | [[Filed/Substantial Damage.md\|Substantial Damage]] | damage or failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and which would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component. | [[Filed/Part 830.md\|Part 830]] | | [[Filed/Sweepback.md\|Sweepback]] | Leading edge of wing slopes backwards. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Tabletop Runway.md\|Tabletop Runway]] | runway that is located on the top of a plateau or hill with one or both ends adjacent to a steep precipice which drops into a deep gorge | [[SKYbrary\|SKYbrary]] | | [[Filed/TAF.md\|TAF]] | report established for the five statute mile radius around an airport. TAF reports are usually given for larger airports. Each TAF is valid for a 24 or 30-hour time period and is updated four times a day at 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z. The TAF utilizes the same descriptors and abbreviations as used in the METAR report. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch13.md\|PHAK Ch13]] | | [[Filed/TAS.md\|TAS]] | Actual [[airspeed]], determined by applying a correction for [[pressure altitude]] and [[temperature]] to the [[CAS]] | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Task Saturation.md\|Task Saturation]] | When a pilot becomes task saturated, there is no awareness of input from various sources, so decisions may be made on incomplete information and the possibility of error increases. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch2.md\|PHAK Ch2]] | | [[Filed/Technically Advanced Aircraft.md\|Technically Advanced Aircraft]] | must be equipped with... [[PFD]]...; [[MFD]]...; two axis autopilot | [[Filed/FAR 61.129 CPL Experience Reqs.md\|FAR 61.129 CPL Experience Reqs]] | | [[Filed/The Leans.md\|The Leans]] | After a slowly developing turn, which may not be noticed by the pilot, a sudden leveling of the wings creates the illusion the plane is banking in the opposite direction, while it is actual back to level. This is the most common illusion during flight. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/Threat.md\|Threat]] | [[Hazard]]s present in the environment or that are outside the influence of the flight crew that increase operational complexity and may lead to [[error]]s. | [[Filed/Risk Management Handbook.md\|Risk Management Handbook]] | | [[Filed/Thrust.md\|Thrust]] | The forward [[force]] produced by the [[Engine\|powerplant]]/[[propeller]] or [[rotor]]. It opposes or overcomes the force of [[Drag 1]]. As a general rule, it acts parallel to the [[longitudinal axis]]. However, this is not always the case. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/Thunderstorm.md\|Thunderstorm]] | a local storm, invariably produced by a cumulonimbus (CB) cloud, and always accompanied by lightning and thunder, usually with strong gusts of wind, heavy rain, and sometimes hail. | [[Filed/Aviation Weather Handbook.md\|Aviation Weather Handbook]] | | [[Filed/TIS-B.md\|TIS-B]] | A ground-based service providing information to the flight deck via data link using the S-mode transponder and altitude encoder to improve the safety and efficiency of [[see and avoid]] flight through an automatic display that informs the pilot of nearby traffic. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Track.md\|Track]] | actual path made over the ground in flight. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Transponder.md\|Transponder]] | The airborne portion of the ATC radar beacon system. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Unicom.md\|Unicom]] | A nongovernment air/ground radio communication station that may provide airport information at public-use airports. | [[Filed/AC 90-66.md\|AC 90-66]] | | [[Filed/Va.md\|Va]] | [[Filed/Maneuvering Speed.md\|Maneuvering Speed]] | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/VASI.md\|VASI]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/Vestibular System.md\|Vestibular System]] | organs found in the inner ear that sense position by the way we are balanced | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/VFR-On-Top.md\|VFR-On-Top]] | A pilot on an [[IFR]] flight plan operating in [[VFR]] weather conditions, may request VFR-on-top in lieu of an assigned altitude. This permits a pilot to select an altitude or flight level of their choice (subject to any [[ATC]] restrictions.) | [[AIM 4]]-4-8 | | [[Filed/Vg.md\|Vg]] | [[Inbox/Jack/Best Glide.md\|Best Glide]] | [[Filed/PHAK Ch5.md\|PHAK Ch5]] | | [[Filed/VHF.md\|VHF]] | A band of radio frequencies falling between 30 and 300 MHz. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Virga.md\|Virga]] | Rain that falls through the atmosphere but evaporates prior to striking the ground | [[Filed/PHAK Ch12.md\|PHAK Ch12]] | | [[Filed/Vision in Flight.md\|Vision in Flight]] | \- | [[Filed/AIM 8.md\|AIM 8]] | | [[Filed/Visual System.md\|Visual System]] | eyes, which sense position based on what is seen | [[Filed/PHAK Ch17.md\|PHAK Ch17]] | | [[Filed/VMC.md\|VMC]] | \- | \- | | [[Filed/VOR.md\|VOR]] | Electronic navigation equipment in which the flight deck instrument identifies the radial or line from the VOR station, measured in degrees clockwise from magnetic north, along which the aircraft is located. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/VORTAC.md\|VORTAC]] | A facility consisting of two components, VOR and TACAN, which provides three individual services: VOR azimuth, TACAN azimuth, and TACAN distance ([[DME]]) at one site. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/WAAS.md\|WAAS]] | A differential global positioning system (DGPS) that improves the accuracy of the system by determining position error from the GPS satellites, then transmitting the error, or corrective factors, to the airborne GPS receiver. | [[IFH]] Glossary | | [[Filed/Wake Turbulence.md\|Wake Turbulence]] | Wingtip vortices that are created when an airplane generates lift. When an airplane generates lift, air spills over the wingtips from the high pressure areas below the wings to the low pressure areas above them. This flow causes rapidly rotating whirlpools of air called wingtip vortices or wake turbulence. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/WCA.md\|WCA]] | correction applied to the [[Course]] to establish a [[Heading]] so that [[Track]] coincides with [[Course]] | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Weather Brief.md\|Weather Brief]] | One of three types: Standard (most complete, obtain before any flight), Abbreviated (shortened version of standard, for if need partial update on weather), and Outlook (more than 6 hours out, limited in scope). | [[Filed/PHAK Ch13.md\|PHAK Ch13]] | | [[Filed/Weight.md\|Weight]] | The force exerted by an aircraft from the pull of gravity. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] | | [[Filed/Wind Shadow.md\|Wind Shadow]] | an area of calm water where the shoreline protects the water from the wind, creating an area of calm water | [Forced landing without power – pattern](https://www.aviation.govt.nz/licensing-and-certification/pilots/flight-training/flight-instructor-guide/forced-landing-without-power-pattern/) from [[NZ CAA Flight Instructor Guide]] | | [[Filed/Wind Shear.md\|Wind Shear]] | Wind shear is a sudden, drastic change in wind speed and/or direction over a very small area. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch12.md\|PHAK Ch12]] | | [[Filed/Wind Triangle.md\|Wind Triangle]] | A wind triangle, the pilot’s version of vector analysis, is the basis of dead reckoning... a graphic explanation of the effect of wind upon flight. | [[Filed/PHAK Ch16.md\|PHAK Ch16]] | | [[Filed/Wingtip Vortex.md\|Wingtip Vortex]] | The rapidly rotating air that spills over an airplane’s wings during flight. The intensity of the turbulence depends on the airplane’s weight, speed, and configuration. Also referred to as [[wake turbulence]]. Vortices from heavy aircraft may be extremely hazardous to small aircraft. | [[Filed/PHAK Glossary.md\|PHAK Glossary]] |